12 02/18 NOTE: Dead End and Anchor loads are equal to TEE shown on previous page. The approximate safe bearing loads of various soils given in the following table are for horizontal thrusts when the depth of cover over the top of the pipe exceeds two feet. These loads are estimates only. Actual soil and safe bearing loads should be determined by the design engineer. SOIL SAFE BEARING LOAD lbs./sq. ft. Muck, Peat etc.* 0 Soft Clay 1,000 Sand 2,000 Sand & Gravel 3,000 Sand & Gravel Cemented with Clay 4,000 Hard Shale 10,000 * All thrusts are resisted by piles or tie rods to solid foundations, or by removal of muck or peat and replacement with ballast of sufficient stability. START UP PROCEDURE: Start up procedure shall conform to generally accepted practices and be done in a workman-like manner. The line shall be filled slowly from any available low-pressure source. The water can be introduced from lines in service directly through valved connections, or by temporary connections to taps made in the new line. If possible, all such connections should be made at the lowest point in the line to avoid air entrapment. All valves and other control points in the line that are open as the line filling begins should be closed gradually to avoid the possibility of water hammer.