12 02/18 10 9,677 13,685 7,406 12 13,685 19,353 10,474 14 18,385 26,001 14,072 *For pressure other than 100 psi increase loads proportionately (example: for 150 psi multiply by 1.5; for 200 psi multiply by 2.0; etc.) NOTE: Dead End and Anchor loads are equal to tee shown above. The approximate safe bearing loads of various soils given in the following table are for horizontal thrusts when the depth of cover over the top of the pipe exceeds two feet. These loads are estimates only. Actual soil and safe bearing loads should be determined by the Design Engineer. SOIL SAFE BEARING LOAD lbs./sq. ft. Muck, Peat etc.* 0 Soft Clay 1,000 Sand 2,000 Sand & Gravel 3,000 Sand & Gravel Cemented with Clay 4,000 Hard Shale 10,000 *All thrusts are resisted by piles or tie rods to solid foundations, or by removal of muck or peat and replacement with ballast of sufficient stability. START UP PROCEDURE: Start up procedure shall conform to generally accepted practices and be done in a workman-like manner. The line shall be filled from any available low-pressure source. The water can be introduced from lines in service directly through valved connections, or temporary connections to taps made in the new line. If possible all such connections should be made at the lowest point in the line to avoid air entrapment. All valves and other control points in the line that are open as the line filling begins should be closed gradually to avoid the possibility of water hammer.